World Glaucoma Week

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Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that can lead to damage of the optic nerve. The optic nerve transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. Glaucoma may cause vision loss if left untreated. It has been called the "silent thief of sight" because the loss of vision usually occurs slowly over a long period of time.^[5] A major risk factor for glaucoma is increased pressure within the eye, known as intraocular pressure (IOP).^[1] It is associated with old age, a family history of glaucoma, and certain medical conditions or the use of some medications.^[6] The word glaucoma comes from the Ancient Greek word γλαυκός (glaukós), meaning 'gleaming, blue-green, gray'.

Of the different types of glaucoma, the most common are called open-angle glaucoma and closed-angle glaucoma.^[7] Inside the eye, a liquid called aqueous humor helps to maintain shape and provides nutrients. The aqueous humor normally drains through the trabecular meshwork. In open-angle glaucoma, the draining is impeded, causing the liquid to accumulate and pressure inside the eye to increase. This elevated pressure can damage the optic nerve. In closed-angle glaucoma, the drainage of the eye becomes suddenly blocked, leading to a rapid increase in intraocular pressure. This may lead to intense eye pain, blurred vision, and nausea. Closed-angle glaucoma is an emergency requiring immediate attention.^[1]

If treated early, slowing or stopping the progression of glaucoma is possible. Regular eye examinations, especially if the person is over 40 or has a family history of glaucoma, are essential for early detection.^[8] Treatment typically includes prescription of eye drops, medication, laser treatment or surgery.^[1][9] The goal of these treatments is to decrease eye pressure.^[2]

Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness in African Americans, Hispanic Americans,^[10][11] and Asians.^[12] It occurs more commonly among older people,^[1] and closed-angle glaucoma is more common in women.^[2]